Google Scholar Scraping: Papers, Versions, Case Law and a Thousand-Result Cap
Google Scholar is Google's free search engine for scholarly literature, and a Google Scholar scraper works on its result pages rather than on a catalogue, because Scholar indexes papers, not journals. The index takes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports, plus patents and a case law corpus of US court opinions that reaches back to the earliest Supreme Court cases. There is no Google Scholar subscription price; the cost sits with the full text, which often needs a publisher subscription.
Google Scholar search results are ranked the way researchers weigh a paper: its full text, where it appeared, who wrote it, and how often and how recently it has been cited. Versions of a work, from preprint to repository copy to publisher PDF, are grouped into one cluster, and the publisher's full text becomes the primary version whenever Scholar can crawl it. Bibliographic data is extracted by software, so titles and bylines carry the occasional parsing error, and a correction made at the source takes six to nine months or longer to show. New papers arrive several times a week.
Two limits shape any Google Scholar web scraping plan. A query shows a thousand results at most, and the count printed above the list is an estimate drawn from part of the index, not a census. Results sort by relevance or by date added, never by citations, so any ranking by impact has to be built from the rows.
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